Emerging Nationalism after American War of 1812 :: essays research papers

After the war of 1812, the United States moved toward to the creation of a unified national state and by 1830 became a nation-state. Through major changes in infrastructure, establishments of national banks, and the purchases of land, America was developing into its own fully functional and self-sufficient nation. The victory of the War of 1812 was a huge leap toward America becoming its own nation because of the national unity the win provided its citizens. The morale of the citizens lifted greatly because they managed to defeat the greatest military powers of the world and managed to survive. It also proved to the world that the american nation could defend itself from foreign threats. The victory improved America’s self confidence and faith in the military to defend the natiosn freedom and honor. Clays American system was an economic plan consisting of the establishment of protective tariffs, to establish a national bank, and to improve the country’s infrastructure. Protective tariffs protected americans from cheap imports. America Needed a strong national bank to help regulate money and to get funding for internal improvement projects such as roads. Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System were the Erie Canal and the Cumberland Road. He wanted to unify the country by integrating the industrail with the agricultural and have a strengthened infrastructure and economic nationalism to allow for self sufficiency. The National Bank created a standarad form of currency and helped pay off the revolutionary war debt. In 1816, there was a second twenty year charter. It was founded during the administration of U.S. President James Madison to stabilize currency. The estblaishment of a national bank led improvements in transportation because now roads could be paid for. These Improvements in Transportations were good for communication around the nation, which helped send messages faster. In 1818, the national road started the growing road systems that tied the new west to the old east. The Erie Canal was built in New York and runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The Loose construction of the elastic clause gave more power to the congress and allowed Thomas Jefferson to purchase the Louisana territory. The Louisiana Purchase was more than 530,000,000 acres of territory purchased from France in 1803.

BP Deep Water Horizontal Explosion

BP originated from a British petroleum company founded in 1909. After experiencing crises during the 1980s-1990s, the company started to have a cost cutting culture. During mid-1990s, with an aggressive growth strategy, BP started to grow and reposition. After BP merged with Amoco in 1998, John Browne started to serve as chief executive until May 2007. Browne repositioned BP as a â€Å"green† oil company after he took over and practiced the model of organizational decision-making strategy, known as â€Å"asset federation. Under this new strategy, onsite asset managers had the authority to make decisions, and employees’ compensation was directly tied to asset performance (Ingersoll et. al, 4). Many decisions made by John Browne were directly related to the Deepwater Horizon explosion. In 2007, Tony Hayward replaced John Browne and became the new chief executive. Tony Hayward slightly adjusted BP’s organizational structure and decided to pay more attention to BPâ €™s safety issues and risk averse culture. However, the Deepwater Horizon explosion happened when Tony Hayward was in charge. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil explosion occurred in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010, which is considered as the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused tremendous damages to the surrounding environment and enormous losses to shareholders. BP acquired the right of operating the Macondo Well Project from the U. S. Minerals Management Service in 2009, and then BP leased the Deepwater Horizon rig from Transocean who provides offshore drilling equipment and personnel operation. Both BP and Transocean operated the Deepwater Horizon when the disaster happened. The Deepwater Horizon explosion resulted in major damages and losses. When the explosion occurred, workers abandoned ship and jumped into the burning ocean. Among the 126 workers on board the Deepwater Horizon, 17 were injured and 11 died. Additionally, the rig burned down 700,000 gallons of oil within 36 hours, and the smoke trail spread over 30 miles (Ingersoll et. al, 2). BP’s stock price declined dramatically after the explosion. The disaster not only dragged BP into the major scandal but also destroyed many surrounding businesses and families. The consequences of the explosion affected not only organization, shareholders, and employees but also the environment, social issues, and public relations. The Deepwater Horizon disaster had many causes, direct and indirect; it mainly involved people-issues, managers and managing, organizational weaknesses, and external oversight and accountability. â€Å"CAUSES† OF THE EXPLOSION Firstly, individuals in an organization always have decision-making biases, and thus they would have a â€Å"huge capacity to rationalize their behavior† (Crews). Individuals usually make decisions subjectively based on their value set. The former CEO John Browne set up how BP would develop after mid 90’s; he also was the key person who affected the future of Tony Hayward. Browne relied on and promoted Hayward. A metaphor in Elkind’s article said that Hayward was favored prince of Browne, and Browne opened Hayward’s eyes to the world of business (Elkind et. al, 9). It was not clear why Browne relied on Hayward so much, but he made Hayward become the CEO of BP. On the other hand, Browne played an important role in BP’s management strategy. Browne decided to focus on cutting costs and had a desire to make BP become the largest oil producer. He created the big picture of BP’s development, which influenced the future CEO Hayward’s value set of decision-making and employees’ behaviors in BP. Not only managers had bias of decision-making, the engineers who constructed and maintained the rig also had bias. BP chose long string casing for the Macondo well because several individuals overvalued the cost. As a result, the well casing choice created the condition of the rig’s explosion (Ingersoll et. al, 19). Additionally, the drilling engineers decided not to run the â€Å"cement bond log† test, and that test could accurately diagnose a bond failure to improve process safety. Mark Hafle, one of BP’s drilling engineers even claimed the cement job was working fine at court (Ingersoll et. al, 16). The drilling engineers of the Macondo project were warned about potential risks, but they willfully ignored the warnings and insisted everything would work fine. Such bias and rationalized behavior of drilling engineers just added another warning sign to the explosion of Deepwater Horizon. Secondly, BP’s business relationships are complex, and the legitimate priorities often conflict (Crews). BP’s failure to prevent the explosion was due in part to complex partnership. BP held the rights to drill using the rig and operation services leased from Transocean. As a result, â€Å"of the 126 people aboard the Deepwater Horizon, 79 were from Transocean, seven were from BP, and the rest were from other firms† (Ingersoll et. al, 1). People serving on Deepwater Horizon came from different organizations. A decision making process involved many authorities, which decreased the efficiency and effectiveness of decision-making. Even though BP maintained main operational authority, only six percent of people aboard the Deepwater Horizon rig were from BP. As an important business partner of BP, Transocean provided the equipment and performed the majority of the work, and thereafter it had some authority over operations and maintenance. The complex business partnership caused serious operational consequence. Upon the day of explosion, the Deepwater Horizon rig had been operating 29 days more than it should had been, and the leasing fee owed to Transocean far exceeded the budget (Ingersoll et. al, 7). It was a problem that both companies had authority of decision making over operation. This led to legitimate conflict of priorities. For example, when closing a well, â€Å"11 companies played a role in the construction of the casing for the Macondo well, and all with different responsibilities for various aspects of setting the well† (Ingersoll et. al, 9). Different companies made decisions based on their own company’s interest of cost, time, and safety. As a result, any decision-making process would be very time-consuming, given that all companies kept competing and were not willing to compromise. Because of the conflict of interests and inadequate information, decisions made under such condition were inconsistent and unclear. The inefficient and ineffective decision-making processes slowed the progress of drilling and over-drafted the budget. If the drilling on Deepwater Horizon rig would have been completed within 51 days as expected, BP may have stopped a disaster. Thirdly, the misalignment occurs when managers’ words and action conflict. To prevent corporate scandals, managers’ actions are more powerful than words in shaping employees’ behavior and presenting a positive image to society (Crews). BP faced safety issues in last few decades. Even though each time its CEOs made a commitment to the public about safety, disasters still happened continuously. For instance, â€Å"in 2000, after a string of fires and equipment failures, CEO John Browne announced plans to ‘review the commitment to safety. † In 2005, the explosion of BP’s Texas City refinery killed 15 people; ironically, Browne swore to fix safety problems again like previously. The Deepwater Horizon spill, the worst one in history, happened two years after CEO Tony Hayward took over, and he had promised to focus on safety issue â€Å"like a laser† (Elkind et. al, 4). Empty promises are just like checks without sufficient funds. The conflic t of managers’ words and action caused the corporation lose credibility to the public. BP’s CEO kept vowing to correct safety issues, and the sequential disasters revoked their promises time after time. The U. S. Chemical Safety Board investigated BP’s real safety operation after the Texas City refinery explosion, and they found that BP Group failed to review its refinery operation systematically. Even though the Group Chief Executive claimed, â€Å"BP would learn lessons from Grangemouth and other incidents† (National Commission Chapter 8, 6), BP’s actions were against its public commitment. BP had desires to change, but it never improved in respect to safety weaknesses. BP emphasized personal safety instead of process safety, which led to the serious consequence (Elkind et. l, 5). BP’s board of directors failed to enhance process safety, and this helped BP lose credibility with the public. They needed to create an environment of safety concern to train employees from every level of the organization. Fourthly, BP’s managers were more concerned with seeking profits than with ethics (Crews). Employees’ performance was evaluated by ability of cost cutting and profit generating. For example, in 2008, BP introduced an â€Å"every dollar counts† program that aimed to reduce the costs of their drilling operation (Smith, 1). Another example would be that leaders of BP’s drilling team considered the $2. 2 million of incremental cost benefit over safety when they handled installation problem of lockdown sleeve (Smith, 2). Likewise, many other decisions of construction of the Macondo well were made based on cost and profit instead of safety concerns. BP’s failure was highly related to managers blindly seeking profit and ignoring safety issues. BP used Long-string casing, which made production less costly and shortened the time of return on investment (Deepwater Horizon Study Group, 56). This was one of the main causes of the explosion. Oil drilling is a highly risky industry, and BP was supposed to emphasize safety; however, managers valued profit over ethics, and that hastened up the failure of BP. Fifthly, an organization’s culture, structure, strategy, and resource allocation strongly affect the behaviors of managers and employees (Crews). BP’s organizational culture is cost cutting and risk taking, which directly affected managers’ decision-making. Since 1995 when John Bowne took over, he â€Å"imposed a tough bottom-line mentality† to focus on cutting costs. He also chose to give more operating authority to his managers. Bowne targeted aggressive profit growth by making his managers sign an annual performance contract (Elkind et. al, 8). BP’s organizational culture pushed CEOs to set profit as the primary goal. An organization’s culture is its personality, which implies how managers would operate the organization. With the cost-cutting culture, managers and employees made decisions driven by the organizational culture. Additionally, BP’s unethical management structure and strategy caused the bad competition between employees. BP had a management strategy, â€Å"asset federation. † BP’s onsite asset managers had â€Å"decision-making authority and responsibility for meeting performance targets;† moreover, onsite employees’ compensation was valued by overall performance of the site (Ingersoll et. al, 4). As a result, BP exploration sites had an unethical competition and were less likely to share best practice on risk management; that was a big concern for an oil company whose process safety was a problem. On the other hand, BP also had a weakness of high bureaucracy operating costs. BP had â€Å"a starched, rigidly hierarchical management culture;† for example, headquarter employees and senior employees had preferential treatment in company, which shows BP’s unbalanced and unsound reward system (Elkind et. al, 7). In other words, BP was weak in human resource management. The company rewarded employees by position instead of ethical behavior and good performance. A lack of focus on safety issues directly led to the explosion. BP’s â€Å"creative† management strategy introduced by John Browne made exploration onsite managers keep their best practice to themselves and blindly chase profit. Such management contributed to Deepwater Horizon explosion. Finally, external auditing and regulatory weaknesses also indirectly contributed to the explosion (Crews). Offshore oil drilling is a risky industry. Therefore, in some region, the government essentially banned it due to environmental concerns. However, in the Gulf, the environmental protections and safety regulation were relaxed and ineffective because the oil drilling would bring billions of dollars to federal government (National Commission Chapter 3, 3). Driven by revenue, the government and regulators id not put forth too many restrictions for oil industry in the Gulf. With this important advantage, BP continually neglected safety issues and took risks, which eventually caused the disaster. According to the national commission report, revenue increases when moving drilling deeper into the water, but the corresponding safety risks also increases; however, such increased risks were not covered by additional regularly over sight (National Commission Chapter 3, 3). Investigators found that Deepwater Horizon extended drilling by 18360 feet below sea level. BP drilled aggressively by ignoring the risks and consequences. However, regulators might be more than happy to accept the huge revenue contributions instead of considering environmental concerns and set restrictions. More importantly, the regulation and auditing office had a culture of revenue maximization. BP acquired the right of exploration from MMS. The national commission report points out that the MMS office had culture of accepting gifts from oil companies. An employee of MMS even negotiated with the oil company when he conducted inspections on this company's oil platforms (National Commission Chapter 3, 23). Oil companies and public regulation office benefitted each other, and that made improvement of safety issue in entire oil industry became obstructive. The government did not provide strict regulation to an industry that could bring it money because more regulation means less revenue. Along with a long list of safety issues, BP risked drilling down below the sea to seek more oil and profit without additional auditing and regulation; all the factors pushed and forced the disaster happened. First, The Deepwater horizon explosion killed 11 people, and 17 were injured. The ocean was flaming when the rig became a graveyard. To those dead employees, their family had to face the loss of family members. Second, The Deepwater Horizon explosion affected BP’s and Transocean’s financial market. The sharp drop of stock price wiped out $91 million in market value. BP’s working capital that founded by $10 billion in short-term paper was shut out (Elkind et. al, 20). The credit situations of both companies weakened. Moreover, BP and Transocean had to pay for the damages by billions of dollars. Even two years later in 2012, BP still had $8. 3 billion on damage payouts caused by the explosion (Helman, 3). Both companies were required to pay for environmental restoration, damage to surrounding businesses, and cleanup cost. On the other hand, the explosion also destroyed the reputation of BP and Transocean, and scandals were harmful to two companies’ public relationship. After Deepwater Horizon explosion, the financial market for BP securities had a dramatically change. BP’s investors faced a huge loss on investment. BP’s stock price dropped more than 50%, and the stock and option trading volume increased instantly by fifteen to twentyfold. Interest rate of BP bonds increased, and the company announced the suspension of cash dividends to shareholders (Fodor and Stowe, 1). BP’s disaster made shareholders face a tremendous loss. The value of stocks in hand became worthless and the dividend payments might endless delay. Furthermore, the explosion also affected business in the gulf and the coast tourism industry. The disaster dramatically affected the Alabama coast, which depended on tourism: compared to 2009, the number of visitors decreased by 1 million, real estate values dropped by more than 65%, retail sale declined by 50% (Keegen, 2). The most affected business was fishing industry in the gulf. Since the spilling oil, many fishes were killed and many families whose life depended on fishing and tourist service were bankrupt instantly. In addition, the explosion affected the gulf coast ecosystem. After the explosion, the rig burned for 36 hours. Deepwater Horizon rig exploded about 100 miles southwest of Orange Beach,† and â€Å"more than 200 million gallons of crude went into the gulf† before July 15, 2010 (Keegen, 2). As a result, spilling oil â€Å"fouled beaches and shorelines,† and it destroyed gulf coast ecosystem; creatures and species were killed. The Deepwater Horizon explosion â€Å"created one of worst environmental disaster in U. S. history (Keegen, 2). Ba sed on a research of Texas A& M’s Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, the real loss of gulf coast ecosystem and fisheries were huge and need decades for recovery (Keegen, 5). PREVENTION One of the reasons for BP’s failure is that top managers did not have ethical concerns. The safety issue is the major problem of BP; however, CEOs and managers were concerned for profit over safety concern. Internally, the Board of Directors should create a clear plan that focuses on addressing particular ethical needs for different situations. Additionally, BP should increase the responsibility of the Board of Directors in overseeing the managing executives. An organization should had ethical oversight, and it should provide employees ethical training to advocate ethical behavior. Management fault also was the main reason contributed to the explosion. BP had problems with management structure and management strategy. Managers who focused on cost cutting and wilfully ignored safety problem made numerous poor decisions. Employees should be rewarded by performance overall instead of the ability to cut cost. Rig managers and engineering leader should regard the warning signs and conduct safety test regularly. The managers should pay attention to â€Å"near misses† and avoid the â€Å"favorable wind direction,† and then they might be able to predict and prevent the crises (Tinsley et. l, 1). Considering all of the factors that contributed to Deepwater Horizon explosion, the root cause was the cost-cutting organizational culture. An organizational culture is the characteristic of a corporation; it affects people’s perspectives and values. Employees use the organizational culture to guide and rationalize their behavior. Therefore, directors of bo ard, executives, and top managers should create and inform employees with a positive organizational culture and build conditions for employees’ learning and appreciating. BP’s explosion had internal and external reason. Internally, BP Deepwater Horizon explosion involved two CEOs’ main decisions; besides, BP had a complex organizational strategy, management structure, and partnership. Externally, the outside weakness of legality and regulation contribute to BP’s ethical scandals. Thereafter, besides corporation internal control, the regulators should provide more specific regulations and auditing that conduct oil industry operating with a safer procedure.

Climate Change Global Warming - 1303 Words

Jasdeep Shergill Professor Idil Boran Phil 3595 November 7th 2015 Climate change also known as global warming is a worldwide occurrence that alters the world climate in a negative way as a result of the astonishing levels carbon dioxide. The first signs of global warming arose at the beginning of the 20th century, making it impossible to end as the impacts of climate change have progressed so far. Industrialized nations are heavily bound by climate change treaties as they set out goals for emission reductions. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that outlines two ideas; the fact that climate change is present and secondly, that human activity (carbon dioxide) has initiated it. The Protocol only applies to first world countries, as they have contributed the greatest to climate change by emitting 150 years’ worth of emissions into the air. Furthermore, the notion of â€Å"common but differentiated responsibilities† states that all countries are supposed to be addressing climate change however; they aren’t equally liable . There are two types of justices that can be related to climate change; distributive justice and corrective justice. However; in this paper the corrective justice approach would be argued as it relies on moral perceptions, dealing with offenders and their victims (Posner Sunstein, 1591). According to corrective justice, difficulties will be experienced in political-decision making negotiations as it is a moral idea dealing with incorrect behavior thatShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. 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Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affectsRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1060 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change (Klaus) 1000 The terms â€Å"global warming†, â€Å"climate change† or â€Å"greenhouse effect† have become more than just parts of the popular lexicon as they rather are subject of public discussions, scientific research or political debates. Despite the popularity and the ubiquity of these terms, the public’s theoretical and conceptual understanding of them and their causal relations is often based on superficial knowledge and buzzwords or caricatures outlined and depicted in several popular mediaRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat = Climate Change Who = Emma, Aoife, Julia, Rachael, Mariah and Cà ©line What is it? Climate Change is a change in the demographic distribution of weather patterns, and related change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, happening over time scales of decades or longer. It’s the world’s greatest threat. Climate change is the change in temperature over a period of time. It involves the greenhouse effect and global warming. Where is it? 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World Religion Engagement Paper # 2 Essay - 1627 Words

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY World Religion Engagement Paper #2 Submitted to Dr. Campbell in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of APOL 525 D01 Pluralism and World Religions by Joseph Scott December 4, 2016 Contents Introduction 1 Worship Experience 1 World View 3 Reaching our Muslim Brethren 5 Conclusion 6 Bibliography 7 Introduction Having the privilege to serve in the military has allowed this writer the opportunity to be exposed to the pluralistic society in a way which has exposed him to the beauty of the diversity enjoyed in American culture. One aspect of said diversity is the interaction which has taken place amongst the Christian and various world religions who also wear the same uniform in defense of America. It was the pleasure of the writer to attend a local synagogue in which his Jewish brothers and sisters welcomed him with open arms. The local congregation of Jewish believers went out of their way in order to ensure their newest visitor understood the flow of service and the significance of the ritual which took place on the first Shabbat or Sabbath of the month. The following essay will serve to detail the worship experience as well as how it and other beliefs of Judaism compare/contrast with the Christian faith. 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Business Plan of a Tea Bag - 4772 Words

[pic] Business Plan Of TEA HOUSE [pic] Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology Business Plan Of TEA HOUSE Three in One Tea Bag Prepared For: Mr. Shihub Bin Hossain Lecturer, School of Business Prepared By: Tahia Nawar ID# 09.01.02.103 Ayesha Parven ID# 09.01.02.105 Sharmin Rahman ID# 09.01.02.123 Afrina Islam ID# 09.01.02.135 Course Title: Entrepreneurship Development Course No: BBA 32 Date of Submission: 15 January 2012 Executive Summary TEA HOUSE a start-up company owns by four partners namely Tahia Nawar, Ayesha Parven, Sharmin Rahman and Afrina†¦show more content†¦|11 | |Competition |11-12 | |Estimated Sales |12 | |Development Production |12 | |Production Process |13 | |Cost of Production Development |14 | |Labor Requirements |15 | |Expenses Capital Requirements |15-16 | |Sales Marketing |16 | |Sales Marketing Strategy |16 | |Method of SalesShow MoreRelatedUnilever Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesTO: FROM: RE: DATE: Karl Schmidt Jared Sessum Sustainable Tea at Unilever, Harvard Business School January 29, 2013 This memorandum addresses the following questions based on information found in the Harvard Business School case study on Unilever: Why did Unilever commit to sustainably source 100% of its tea? 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American Revolution the Colonists free essay sample

There are arguments that the American Revolution was a radical movement, meaning that it making economic, political, or social changes of a sweeping or extreme nature, but it was conservative. Conservative means to be in favor of preserving the status quo and traditional values and customs, and against abrupt change. The colonists went to war with Brittany because they would not change the corrupt monarchy after the British soldiers shot civilians. The change on America was slow and gradual and took time for it to be rid with what need to be changed.The colonists had to pay taxes to the British who needed them to support their army defending British colonies against the French, Spanish and Native Americans. This led to general discontent of the colonists and aroused their desire for independence. All the colonists wanted Was for British not to b in control so the colonist held a town meeting refusing and resigning to buy any imported goods. We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolution: the Colonists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The British passed the so called Navigational Acts that said that the colonists should trade only with Britain. Sugar Act making colonists pay tax on sugar and Stamp Act putting tax on newspapers and official comments. The 13 colonies wanted to decide on their tax matters and not as it was the Parliament (a famous slogan: no taxation without representation). The Townsend Act taxed only imported goods. On the 5 March 1 770 there was a riot in Boston during which British soldiers shot dead five peoples incident known as Boston Massacre. Another incident, also in Boston known as the Boston Tea Party in which the colonists threw out the tea brought by British ships into the harbor after passing the Tea Act giving a British company the right to sell tea to the colonists.In 1773 the Tea Act was passed. The Tea Act not only put a three penny per pound tax on tea but it also gave the British East India Company a near monopoly because it allowed the company to sell directly to the colonial agents avoiding any middlemen. This was also a leading cause in the war for independence because the colonists first acted out against the Crown. This infuriated the crown because one of its biggest money makers were going down hill and this was the only source of Income.The changes that the colonists wanted are as listed, 1 taxation with out presentation 2- freedom from religious oppression A-Free capitalism 4- individual rights 5-individual liberty 6- The right to own property. 7-Separation from a totalitarian state. 8-General enlightenment that men are rational beings and basically good, especially with out big government butting into their lives. 9- The philosophy that men are created equal. Over time these thoughts and other ideas where set in the constitution along with the Bill of Rights, preamble, and The Amendments which were all ratified in 1781.All Of the changes gave power to the people. Any radical movements at this time were too risky if the colonies wanted to survive. During the war, if there were radical movements could lead to the end of American soldiers. Everything had to be thought out and planed carefully. The goal was to be independent from Brittany. After the war it took several years for all the states to become one great nation. All in all the American Revolution was a conservative movement because wants and needs of the colonists were not to change everything but to change the government. In doing, everything meshed and created something to be proud of.

European Community Law Essay Research Paper EC free essay sample

Ec Law Essay, Research Paper EC LAW ASSIGNMENT Gary Slapper provinces? ? that of all time since the UK joined the European Community it has increasingly, but efficaciously passed the the power to make Torahs which have consequence in this state to the wider European establishments such? ? ( Slapper`99 P.33 ) So in all practical footings the UK`s legislative, executive and bench? ? s powers are in the chief controlled by and operated within the model of the European community Torahs. The increasing importance of Uk Judgess to see the issues and rules of EC Law is clearly apparent now as respects such issues as human rights and employment rights. National Judges must see the practical worlds that they must stay by EC regulations sing four countries of 1. Direct Applicability,2.Direct Effect and that3.EC Law following the instance of Costa v Enel ( 1964 ) prevails over the national Torahs of each member province. Last 4. that in coming to a determination the National justice has the option to bespeak a preliminary hearing under Art. We will write a custom essay sample on European Community Law Essay Research Paper EC or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 177 from the European bench on a national legal difference. It is these four countries that must be looked at in by the national justice when they are sing a instance. With the fact that ordinances are straight applicable under Art.189EC to all member provinces and that the UK has adopted the Monist stance ( i.e. Community Law automatically becomes UK jurisprudence ) so Judgess have small option in some countries of jurisprudence, but to follow Ec laws/Treaties. This comes via the European Communities Act 1972 ( S.2 ) and is affirmed in Ec instance jurisprudence 34/73 Variola 1973.National Judgess must besides see that Ec directives are portion of domestic jurisprudence and therefore hold legal being even before their verification into national jurisprudence. National Judgess must besides see that Ec Law sing affairs that come before the domestic tribunals is besides Directly Effective ( affecting pacts ) and it enforces rights and responsibilities for Ec subjects, which can be enforced in domestic tribunals. This was established in the landmark instance of Van Gend en Loos 1963.The National justice? ? has to use community jurisprudence in the absence or in topographic point of national jurisprudence so a proviso of such community jurisprudence must to all purposes and intents be unconditioned, clear and precise to organize portion of Uk jurisprudence? ? . Kaczorowaska`98 P275.The National justice has the ability to utilize discretion in the signifier and execution process. Indeed with the construct of indirect horizontal direct so domestic Judgess are required to construe their jurisprudence in line with that of the community which fundamentally emphasises the domination of Ec jurisprudence as seen in Von Colson and Kaman 1984.Following the instance of Harz 1984 so the national justice must construe domestic jurisprudence as to guarantee such a consequence was required by the directing regardless of whether the suspect was the province or a private person. After Marleasing 1990 and Wagner 1993 it appears the national Judgess have a responsibility to see all national jurisprudence, which existed before or after the directive. Domestic Judgess must concern themselves with the topic in inquiry so as to find if national statute law should be interpreted in line with the diction and purpose of the directive. Indeed in the uk instance Webbv Emo Air Cargo 1995 the House of Lords had to confer with the ECJ under Art.177 Ec on the issue of the EC Directive 76/207 on Sexual activity Discrimination to the already bing Uk Sex Discrimination Act 1975.By following the New Directive the English Judgess confirmed the place that Ms Webbs dismissal was contrary to Ec Law and that? ? national jurisprudence pre-dating EC jurisprudence must be interpreted in conformance with the latter? ? ( Kaczorowaski`97 P.288 ) National Judgess must mention their considerations under ART 177 where there is a national difference of national jurisprudence affecting ec jurisprudence. The landmark instance of Schwarze 1965 the ecj emphasised that co-operation is needed between national tribunals and the ecj. This 1965 instance emphasised that as respects preliminary hearings so both national tribunals and ecj? ? are called to lend straight and in return to render a opinion? ? ( Kacz`97 P.373.The national justice is reminded that every bit emphasised in Rhein muhlen 1974 so Article 177 Ec is needed to continue the community character established by the pact which must guarantee the jurisprudence is unvarying throughout all states. ? ? Indeed the national justice must ecj aid on the reading of primary beginnings of community jurisprudence such as pacts, protocols and Acts of the Apostless of accession. National tribunals in construing Torahs must see the Supremacy of EC Law. See Costa v Enel 1964. National governments and particularly national tribunals are required to guarantee effectivity of community jurisprudence to protect rights conferred by the latter upon persons and to oversee the proper application of rule of domination. Indeed the national justice must see that without domination of ec jurisprudence at that place would hold small point in the rules of direct consequence and direct pertinence. Important to this rule for domestic Judgess was the issue raised in the instance of Simmental 1978.Here the Echo cleared up the undertaking for domestic Judgess faced with conflicting commissariats of national and community jurisprudence. Here after the national justice had referred the instance utilizing Art.177Ec the reverberation made clear in the country of conflicting subsequent legislative step of a member province with community jurisprudence so domestic Judgess must utilize EC jurisprudence in its entireness and that they should set aside national jurisprudence commissariats which were before or after in struggle with Ec jurisprudence. The national justice must therefore non inquire or wait this seting to one side of conflicting national proviso by statute law, but utilize its ain methods. ? ? The national justice should if required refuse the application of conflicting national jurisprudence and alternatively use EC jurisprudence? ? ( kac`97 P294 ) 937 words The above are the chief countries a justice should see when looking at a National instance. You need to read Kaczorowaska ( 267-303 and 373-401 to widen the essay and acquire a full apprehension ) and your notes. This is the chief construction and I would propose you borrow the above book from the library and alter a batch of the diction. There are 900 words. This is merely unsmooth and I would usually take two hebdomads over such a thing. I have my ain work to make. Change ecj for European tribunal of justness etc.I think if you change the diction and construction it as I have done and add a decision summing all 4 countries up and acquire your moonstruck brother to make his graphics you should acquire above 50 % 364 Steiner and Woods /Kacorowaski/ Slapper Kelly/Eu Law Monitor